All rows use the same all-100 evaluation cohort. Named-method points are means over three seeds. The figure shows both steering directions. The random cone shows ten vectors until fewer than half have two coherent arms. The table reports rejected arms.
| method | steer dir | peak on-axis↑ | damage↓ | seeds | arms | rejected↓ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vjp_delta | -C | -1.849 | 0.477 | 3 | 18 | 10 |
| vjp_delta | +C | +2.988 | 0.245 | 3 | 19 | 0 |
| mean_diff | -C | -1.492 | 0.703 | 3 | 29 | 15 |
| mean_diff | +C | +4.370 | 0.695 | 3 | 31 | 9 |
| pca | -C | -1.227 | 0.963 | 3 | 29 | 24 |
| pca | +C | +4.090 | 1.031 | 3 | 32 | 15 |
| random | -C | +4.075 | 0.724 | 10 | 30 | 4 |
| random | +C | +3.851 | 0.470 | 10 | 30 | 1 |